Looking for the meaning or definition of the word stripped? That's all it means.
to remove something
stripped, stripped-down(adj)having only essential or minimal features
"a stripped new car"; "a stripped-down budget"
bare, stripped(adj)having everything extraneous removed including contents
"the bare walls"; "the cupboard was bare"
stripped(adj)with clothing stripped off
lacking a usual or natural coveringbought matching end tables of stripped pine
lacking or shed of clothinghighway construction workers, stripped to the waist, toiled away in the sweltering heat
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